Estado de bem-estar social e políticas públicas para mulheres nos países nórdicos e na América Latina: Da sociedade civil à institucionalização / Welfare state and public policies for women in nordic countries and Latin America: From civil society to institutionalization / Estado de bienestar social y políticas públicas para mujeres en países nórdicos y América Latina: De la sociedad civil a la institucionalización

Resumo A proposta deste trabalho é fazer um comparativo entre processos de construção de políticas para as mulheres no Estado de bem-estar social-democrata dos países nórdicos com alguns desenvolvidos por partidos de esquerda na América Latina, principalmente a partir da chamada onda rosa, com a entrada de governos progressistas na região. Para tal, primeiramente faremos uma breve apresentação de tipologias de análise sobre igualdade de gênero na discussão sobre políticas públicas e feminismo. Depois, faremos a exposição da construção dos regimes de Bem-estar social nos países do Norte, dando enfoque em como essas políticas se desenvolvem nos países nórdicos. Por fim, trabalharemos o caso sul-americano. Como veremos, tanto o caso europeu quanto o sul-americano reforçam a importância da mobilização da sociedade civil e da sua interação com o Estado para implementação das ações que reverberam em políticas públicas voltadas para as mulheres. Porém, observamos que as agendas políticas não coincidem e, enquanto nos países nórdicos o sistema social-democrata permitiu a construção de regimes gender egalitarians, a onda rosa latino-americana estimulou a criação de mecanismos institucionais de mulheres que buscaram promover a institucionalização de políticas voltadas para os direitos das mulheres.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to compare the processes of policy-making for women in the welfare state of the Nordic countries with some experiences developed by left-wing parties in Latin America, mainly from the so-called pink wave, with the progressive governments in the region. To do so, we will first make a brief presentation on the typologies of analysis on gender equality in the discussion of public policies and feminism. Then we will present the construction of social welfare schemes in the countries of the North, focusing on how these policies are developed in the Nordic countries. Finally, we will work on the South American case. As we shall see, both the European and the South American case reinforce the importance of the mobilization of civil society and its interaction with the State to implement actions that reverberate in public policies for women. However, we note that the political agendas do not coincide and, while in the Nordic countries the social democratic system allowed the construction of gender egalitarian regimes, the Latin American pink wave stimulated the creation of institutional mechanisms for women that sought to promote the institutionalization of policies focused on women's rights.

Resumen El propósito de este documento es hacer una comparación entre los procesos de formulación de políticas para las mujeres en el Estado Nórdico Social y Bienestar Social con algunos desarrollados por partidos de izquierda en América Latina, principalmente de la llamada ola rosa, con gobiernos progresistas en la región. Con este fin, primero haremos una breve presentación sobre tipologías de análisis de igualdad de género en la discusión de políticas públicas y feminismo. Luego presentaremos la construcción de regímenes de bienestar social en los países del norte, centrándonos en cómo se desarrollan estas políticas en los países nórdicos. Finalmente, trabajaremos en el caso sudamericano. Como veremos, los casos europeos y sudamericanos refuerzan la importancia de movilizar a la sociedad civil e interactuar con el estado para implementar acciones que reverberen en las políticas públicas dirigidas a las mujeres. Sin embargo, observamos que las agendas políticas no coinciden y, mientras que en los países nórdicos el sistema socialdemocrata permitió la construcción de regímenes igualitarios de género, la ola rosa latinoamericana estimuló la creación de mecanismos institucionales de mujeres que buscaban promover la institucionalización de políticas enfocadas en los derechos de las mujeres.

Workplace Diesel Exhausts and Gasoline Exposure and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Four Nordic Countries

BACKGROUND: Evidence on associations between occupational diesel exhaust and gasoline exposure and colorectal cancer is limited. We aimed to assess the effect of workplace exposure to diesel exhaust and gasoline on the risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS: This caseecontrol study included 181,709 colon cancer and 109,227 rectal cancer cases diagnosed between 1961 and 2005 in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Cases and controls were identified from the Nordic Occupational Cancer Study cohort and matched for country, birth year, and sex. Diesel exhaust and gasoline exposure values were assigned by country-specific job-exposure matrices. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using conditional logistic regression models. The results were adjusted for physical strain at work and occupational exposure to benzene, formaldehyde, ionizing radiation, chlorinated hydrocarbons, chromium, and wood dust. RESULTS: Diesel exhaust exposure was associated with a small increase in the risk of rectal cancer (odds ratio 1/4 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.08). Gasoline exposure was not associated with colorectal cancer risk. CONCLUSION: This study showed a small risk increase for rectal cancer after workplace diesel exhaust exposure. However, this finding could be due to chance, given the limitations of the study.

Occupational Safety and Health Among Young Workers in the Nordic Countries: A Systematic Literature Review

This review aimed to identify risk factors for occupational accidents and illnesses among young workers in the Nordic countries and to attain knowledge on specific vulnerable groups within the young working force that may need special attention. We conducted a systematic review from 1994 to 2014 using five online databases. Of the 12,528 retrieved articles, 54 met the review criteria and were quality assessed, in which data were extracted focusing on identifying occupational safety, health risk factors, and vulnerable groups among the young workers. The review shows that mechanical factors such as heavy lifting, psychosocial factors such as low control over work pace, and organizational factors such as safety climate are all associated with increased injury risk for young Nordic workers. Results show that exposures to chemical substances were associated with skin reactions, e.g., hand eczema. Heavy lifting and awkward postures were risk factors for low back pain, and high job demands were risk factors for mental health outcomes. The review identified young unskilled workers including school drop-out workers as particularly vulnerable groups when it comes to occupational accidents. In addition, apprentices and young skilled workers were found to be vulnerable to work-related illnesses. It is essential to avoid stereotyping young Nordic workers into one group using only age as a factor, as young workers are a heterogeneous group and their vulnerabilities to occupational safety and health risks are contextual. Politicians, researchers, and practitioners should account for this complexity in the education, training and organization of work, and workplace health and safety culture.

Atuação do Nurse Navigator: revisão integrativa / Actuación del Nurse Navigator: revisión integrativa / Role of the Nurse Navigator: integrative review

Resumo OBJETIVO Conhecer a produção científica sobre o enfermeiro atuando na oncologia com a função de navegador de pacientes, Nurse Navigator. MÉTODOS Revisão integrativa com buscas nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, SciELO, Web of Science e Science Direct, utilizando os descritores: patient; navigation; nurse; professional; cancer; oncology; navigator e navigators. RESULTADOS Identificaram-se 17 artigos. Estes foram agrupados conforme a abordagem temática: Processos Assistenciais; Pacientes; e Profissionais de Saúde. Evidenciou-se que o conhecimento científico produzido sobre Nurse Navigator concentra-se nos Estados Unidos, Austrália, Canadá, Suécia e Dinamarca, países onde os primeiros Programas de Navegação de Pacientes foram implantados. Não houveram estudos publicados em periódicos ou populações locais. CONCLUSÕES A atuação do Nurse navigator, proporciona um diferencial para a qualidade assistencial dos serviços. Apesar de serem recentes as pesquisas internacionais abordando o tema, ficou claro que ainda se faz necessária a realização de mais estudos acerca do papel deste profissional.

Resumen OBJETIVO Conocer la producción científica sobre enfermero actuando en oncología con la función de navegador de pacientes, Nurse Navigator. MÉTODOS Revisión integradora con búsqueda en bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, SciELO, Web of Science y Science Direct, utilizando descriptores: patient; navigation; nurse; professional; cancer; oncology; navigator y navigators. RESULTADOS Se identificaron 17 artículos. Se agruparon conforme abordaje temático: Procesos Asistenciales; Pacientes; y Profesionales de Salud. Se evidenció que el conocimiento científico producido sobre Nurse Navigator se concentra en Australia, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Suecia y Dinamarca, países donde se implantaron los primeros Programas de Navegación de Pacientes. No hay estudios publicados en periódicos o poblaciones locales. CONCLUSIONES La actuación del Nurse navigator, proporciona un diferencial para la calidad asistencial de los servicios. A pesar de recientes las investigaciones internacionales abordando el tema, se hace necesaria la realización de más estudios acerca del papel de este profesional.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To identify scientific literature on oncology nurses who provide patient navigation services as nurse navigators. METHODS Integrative review of literature searches in the databases LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, SciELO, Web of Science and Science Direct based on the descriptors patient; navigation; nurse; professional; cancer; oncology; navigator; and navigators. RESULTS Seventeen articles were identified and grouped according to the following thematic approach: Care Processes; Patients; and Health Workers. It was observed that scientific literature on nurse navigators mostly comes from the United States, Australia, Canada, Sweden, and Demark, where the first nurse navigator programmes were introduced. No studies were found in local journals or populations. CONCLUSIONS The nurse navigator offer a unique service for the provision of quality care. Although international research is recent, further studies on the role of these professionals are clearly needed.

Governmental Policies for Overcoming Low Birth Rate by Country

The issue exerting the greatest influence in Korea is the low birth rate. It is important, therefore, to examine the countermeasures taken, and their effectiveness, by other countries suffering a declining birth rate and consequent aging population before Korea. Such countries can be categorized according to their cultural background: the UK, Continental Europe, Scandinavia, and Asia. In Continental European countries, such as Germany and France, the employment rate of women is relatively low, whereas it is relatively high in the UK and Scandinavian countries. In Asian countries, such as Japan and Singapore, despite many policies instituting the work-family balance, a childcare infrastructure, and child allowance, little is being achieved, due to the specific culture of Asia and the social rejection of various family forms. However, it should not be forgotten that those countries succeeding in increasing the birth rate have implemented continuous policies for decades.

Impact of Light Salt Substitution for Regular Salt on Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Patients / Impacto da Substituição de Sal Comum por Sal Light sobre a Pressão Arterial de Pacientes Hipertensos

Background: Studies have shown sodium restriction to have a beneficial effect on blood pressure (BP) of hypertensive patients. Objective: To evaluate the impact of light salt substitution for regular salt on BP of hypertensive patients. Methods: Uncontrolled hypertensive patients of both sexes, 20 to 65 years-old, on stable doses of antihypertensive drugs were randomized into Intervention Group (IG - receiving light salt) and Control Group (CG - receiving regular salt). Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were analyzed by using casual BP measurements and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM), and sodium and potassium excretion was assessed on 24-hour urine samples. The patients received 3 g of salt for daily consumption for 4 weeks. Results: The study evaluated 35 patients (65.7% women), 19 allocated to the IG and 16 to the CG. The mean age was 55.5 ± 7.4 years. Most participants had completed the Brazilian middle school (up to the 8th grade; n = 28; 80.0%), had a family income of up to US$ 600 (n = 17; 48.6%) and practiced regular physical activity (n = 19; 54.3%). Two patients (5.7%) were smokers and 40.0% consumed alcohol regularly (n = 14). The IG showed a significant reduction in both SBP and DBP on the casual measurements and HBPM (p < 0.05) and in sodium excretion (p = 0.016). The CG showed a significant reduction only in casual SBP (p = 0.032). Conclusions: The light salt substitution for regular salt significantly reduced BP of hypertensive patients. .

Fundamento: Alguns estudos demostraram um efeito benéfico da restrição de sódio na pressão arterial (PA) de hipertensos. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da substituição do sal comum por sal light na PA de hipertensos. Métodos: Hipertensos não controlados, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 20 e 65 anos, e usando doses estáveis de anti-hipertensivos foram randomizados para um Grupo Intervenção (GI - recebendo sal light) e um Grupo Controle (GC - recebendo sal comum). A PA sistólica (PAS) e a PA diastólica (PAD) foram analisadas usando-se medidas casuais da PA e Monitoração Residencial da Pressão Arterial (MRPA), e a excreção de sódio e potássio foi avaliada em amostras de urina de 24 horas. Os pacientes receberam 3 g de sal para consumo diário por 4 semanas. Resultados: Este estudo avaliou 35 pacientes (65,7% mulheres), 19 alocados no GI e 16 no GC. A idade média foi de 55,5 ± 7,4 anos. A maioria dos participantes havia completado o ensino fundamental (até a 8a série; n = 28; 80,0%), tinha renda familiar de até dois salários mínimos (n = 17; 48,6%) e praticava atividade física regularmente (n = 19; 54,3%). Dois pacientes (5,7%) eram fumantes e 40,0% consumiam álcool com regularidade (n = 14). O GI mostrou uma significativa redução tanto da PAS quanto da PAD nas medidas casuais e de MRPA (p < 0,05) e, ainda, diminuição da excreção de sódio (p = 0,016). O GC apresentou redução significativa apenas na medida casual da PAS (p = 0,032). Conclusões: A substituição do sal comum por sal light diminuiu significativamente a PA de hipertensos. .

Pholcodine consumption and immunoglobulin E-sensitization in atopics from Australia, Korea, and Japan

BACKGROUND: Accumulating data indicates that pholcodine (PHO)-consuming countries have higher sero-prevalences of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-antibodies to PHO and suxamethonium (SUX) and increased frequencies of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) than nonconsuming. Withdrawing PHO-containing cough syrups resulted in a significant decrease of cases with anaphylaxis in Scandinavia. Nevertheless, the European Medicines Agency in 2011 advised to continue the unrestricted use throughout the European Union. OBJECTIVE: To extend studies on PHO consumption and prevalence of IgE-sensitization to morphine (MOR), PHO, and SUX to countries representing high (Australia), and low (Korea and Japan), consumers, respectively. METHODS: IgE-antibodies to SUX, MOR, and PHO in atopic subjects were determined by immunoassay and compared with official figures for PHO consumption and reported anaphylaxis to NMBA. RESULTS: The prevalences of IgE-antibodies to PHO, MOR, and SUX were 10%, 8.6%, and 4.3%, respectively, in Australia. The corresponding figures for Japan were 0.8%, 0.8%, and 1.5%, and for Korea 1.0% to PHO and 0.5% to MOR and SUX. Of the SUX-positive sera, 100% were positive to PHO or MOR in Australia and 0% in Japan and Korea. CONCLUSION: The study supports previous findings; exposure to PHO may induce IgE-antibodies to the substituted ammonium ion epitope of NMBAs, thus increasing risk of NMBA-induced anaphylaxis considerably. However, other, still unknown factors occasionally might induce IgE-antibodies to SUX.

Introduction to Distribution and Ecology of Sterile Conks of Inonotus obliquus

Inonotus obliquus is a fungus that causes white heart rot on several broad-leaved species. This fungus forms typical charcoal-black, sterile conks (chaga) or cinder conks on infected stems of the birche (Betula spp). The dark brown pulp of the sterile conk is formed by a pure mycelial mass of fungus. Chaga are a folk remedy in Russia, reflecting the circumboreal distribution of I. obliquus in boreal forest ecosystems on Betula spp. and in meridional mountain forests on beech (Fagus spp.) in Russia, Scandinavia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. Distribution at lower latitudes in Western and Southern Europe, Northern America, Asia, Japan, and Korea is rare. Infected trees grow for many years without several symptoms of decline. The infection can penetrate through stem injuries with exterior sterile conks developing later. In the Czech Republic, cinder conk is found on birches inhabiting peat bogs and in mountain areas with a colder and more humid climate, although it is widespread in other broad leaved species over the Czech Republic. The most common hosts are B. pendula, B. pubescens, B. carpatica, and F. sylvatica. Less frequent hosts include Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, Q. robur, Q. delachampii, and Ulmus sp.

Do SSRIs Really Induce Suicidal Behavior? : The Critical Review of Evidences / 대한정신약물학회지

In recent years there has been increased media scrutiny and criticism about the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and their possible association with suicidal behavior. In clinical practice, these may confuse many patients with depressive disorder and some doctors. Since early 1990s some authors reported that antidepressants could be related with increased suicidality. However, considering the limitation of study design, there is no evidence that suicide is precipitated by SSRIs or older antidepressants. There were merely some reports of weak correlation between non-fatal self harm and SSRIs, with the number needed to treat for self-harm being approximately 1 in 700-1,000. It is also informative that the correlation between self-harm and tricyclic antidepressants(TCAs) is not different with SSRIs and that psychotherapy unto adolescents with depressive disorder has been reported to have similar correlation with suicidal thoughts as that with antidepressants. These suggest that the suicidal risks is not specifically due to the use of SSRIs, but broadly related with all other treatment for depression. We should consider the benefits and risks when choosing a specific treatment. The efficacy of SSRIs has been verified for the treatment of depressive symptoms and for relieving suicidal thoughts in most patients. Compared to the minuscule possibility of suicidal risks (NNT : 700~1,000), the efficacy of SSRIs improving depression is much more powerful and important (NNT : 4~7). Some assumed that SSRIs alleviate depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in most population and there may be small population vulnerable to self-harm with SSRIs. Considering the researches of Scandinavia reporting that many adolescents commit suicide with no history of antidepressants medication, there are also suicidal risks associated with non-treatment, and they have not had the potential benefit of antidepressants. It is a matter of course that clinicians should have a close monitoring of suicidal risk when treating depressed patients and prescribing SSRIs, especially early 2 weeks in the treatment. There is a risk that media reports will result in discouraging compliance with effective treatment for depression and potential relief from suicide.

Trichinella in arctic, subarctic and temperate regions: Greenland, the Scandinavian countries and the Baltic States.

The transmission and occurrence of Trichinella spp according to the zoogeography of different climatic conditions, socioeconomy and human activity are discussed. Comparing arctic, subarctic and temperate regions, it appears that the species of Trichinella present, the composition of the fauna and the human activity are all very important interacting factors affecting epidemiology. In Greenland, where only sylvatic trichinellosis is present, the high prevalence in wildlife appears closely connected with polar bear hunting. In the Scandinavian countries, the prevalence of both sylvatic and domestic trichinellosis differ widely. Denmark is regarded as Trichinella-free in the case of domestic trichinellosis and sylvatic trichinellosis is very rare. In Sweden and Norway, Trichinella is found in wildlife but domestic trichinellosis is rare. In Finland, both domestic and sylvatic trichinellosis have increased dramatically during the last decade. Among the Scandinavian countries, Finland also has the largest populations of carnivorous mammals. In the Baltic states, Trichinella is frequently found in wildlife and domestic trichinellosis is increasingly diagnosed. The high prevalence in the widespread wildlife populations may have epidemiological importance in relation to the recent changes in production and infrastructure in these former Soviet states.

A Korean Pedigree of Paget Bone Disease / 대한내분비학회지

Paget bone disease(PBD) is usually focal, but can be wide spread disorder of the skeletal remodeling characterized by greatly increased osteoclast size and activity. It has extremely variable prevalence worldwide, being common in England and northern European countries and areas populated by their descendants, but strikingly uncommon in Asia, the middle east, Africa and Scandinavia. It's occurrence also shows familial clustering, some postulates autosomal dominant inheritance. Many studies have shown that paramyxoviruses may play a critical role in the etiology of this disorder. However, the precise etiology of PBD remains unknown.We describe a kindred with PBD in 3 successive generations. The propositus, a 55-year-old man, has panostotic PBD and giant cell reparative granuloma of pagets disease involving his head, mandible, abdomen and ileum, rare tumorous complication of Paget's disease. Bowed limbs were first noticed at age 25 years, and progressed for 20 years. Giant cell reparative granuloma began manifesting at age 45 years, and responded dramatically to high-dose dexamethasone therapy. His pretreatment biochemical finding were remarkable for elevated serum ALP, 765(normal 66-220 u/L) and osteocalcin, 154(normal 6.3-30.7 mg/ml), but normal serum calcium, phosphorous, 250HD and PTH. A nondecalcified iliac crest specimen demonstrated classic histopathologic 25OHD and PTH. A nondecalcified iliac crest specimen demonstrated classic histopathologic changes of PBD on light microscopy. His decreased father had a similar degree of bony deformities beginning at age 20 years, but had not been examined. His two asymptomatic daughters, 20 and 24-year-old, were both found to be affected with widespread PBD by bone scan, radiographic study, and their serum ALP levels, 939 and 435U/L, respectively. This is the first report of familial occurance of PBD and a case of giant cell reparative granuloma of Paget's disease in Korea, where PBD is very rare.

Exfoliation Syndrome: Clinical analysis of 6 cases

The first comprehensive clinical description of exfoliation syndrome was published by Vogt. The appearance is described as a deposition of white granular fluffy material on the anterior lens surface, pupil margin, zonule, ciliary body and anterior chamber angle, and floating free in the aqueous. At past, this syndrome was thought to be rare outside of the Scandinavian countries, but the relatively high prevalence has been noted in many other countries outside of Scandinavia. The clinical significance of this syndrome is high frequency of glaucoma. Six cases in this report illustrate some of typical clinical features of exfoliation syndrome. The purpose of this study is to concentrate our attention upon the presence of this syndrome in Korea.